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Class 10 Science

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Class 10 Science Video Lectures

  • Chapter 2- Acids, bases & salts Lecture 1 – Introduction to Acids, Bases, and Salts
    33:05
  • Chapter 2- Acids, bases & salts Lecture 2 – Chemical Reactions and Properties of Acids
    34:51
  • Chapter 2- Acids, bases & salts Lecture 3 – Natural Acids and Chemical Reaction of Bases
    32:50
  • Chapter 2 – Acids bases & salts Lecture 4 – pH scale and its importance
    26:36
  • Chapter 2 – Acids, Bases & Salts Lecture 5- Types of Indicators
    31:36
  • Chapter 2- Acids, Bases & Salts Lecture 6 – Neutralisation and Exercises
    28:32
  • Chapter 3 – Metals and Non-Metals Lecture 1
    37:21
  • Chapter 3 – Metals & Non Metals Lecture 2
    28:38
  • Chapter 3 – Metals & Non Metals Lecture 3
    30:15
  • Class 10 Science: Metals and Non-Metals 4
    30:50
  • Chapter 10 – Reflection and Refraction of Light Lecture 1
    32:00
  • Chapter 10 – Reflection and Refraction of Light Lecture 2
    29:58
  • Chapter 10 – Reflection and Refraction of Light Lecture 3
    32:10
  • Chapter 10 – Reflection and Refraction of Light Lecture 4
    28:52
  • Chapter 10 – Reflection and Refraction of Light Lecture 5
    32:19
  • Chapter 10 – Reflection and Refraction of Light Lecture 6
    27:04
  • Chapter 10: Light – Reflection and Refraction (Summary)
    31:05
  • Chapter 11- The Human eye & the colourful world Lecture 1
    28:53
  • Chapter 11- The Human eye & the colourful world Lecture 2
    29:42
  • Chapter 11- The Human eye & the colourful world Lecture 3
    31:37
  • Chapter 11- The Human eye & the colourful world Lecture 4
    29:38
  • Chapter 11- The Human eye & the colourful world Lecture 5
    31:29
  • Class 10 Science- Life Processes – Plant Nutrition and Metabolism
    21:11
  • Class 10 Science- Life Process – Respiration
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Chapter 6 – Life Process Exam Revision
    30:32
  • Class 10 Science: Chapter 6 – Life Processes
    31:26
  • Class 10 Science: Life Processes Part 2
    33:11
  • Class 10 Science: Chapter 6- Life Processes continued
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Chapter 6 Life Processes
    34:17
  • Class 10 Science: Life processes- Circulatory System
    33:13
  • Class 10 Science: Life Processes MCQ Exam Revision
    32:28
  • Class 10 Science: Life Process – More Questions and Answers
    33:36
  • Class 10 Science: Metals and Non-Metals MCQs ধাতু আৰু অধাতু এমচিকিউ
    22:12
  • Chapter 4 -Carbon and Its Compounds Lecture 1
    26:42
  • Chapter 4- Carbon and its Compounds Lecture 2
    29:32
  • Class 10 Science: Chapter 4 – Carbon and its Compounds 3
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Carbon and its Compounds Part 4
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Carbon and its Compounds part 5
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Carbon and its Compounds part 6
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Carbon and its Compounds part 7
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Carbon and its Compounds – Questions and Answers
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Autotropic Nurtition – photosynthesis
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science- Life Processes – Plant Nutrition and Metabolism
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science- Life Process – Respiration
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Heart & Circulation
    28:21
  • Class 10 Science – Excretion
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Reproduction Part 1
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Reproductive System Part 2
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Reproduction of Micro-organisms
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Control & Co-ordination
    23:22
  • Class 10 Science – Nerves & Muscle Tissue
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – The Five Kingdoms
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science- Exam revision – Plants Kingdom
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Exam Revision – Diversity in Living Organisms
    30:42
  • Class 10 Science – Infectious Diseases- Exam Revision
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science- Exam Revision contd – Diversity in Living Organisms
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Chapter 6 – Life Process Exam Revision uploaded
    30:33
  • Class 10 Science: How do organisms reproduce?
    33:59
  • Class 10 Science: Reproduction in plants and flowering in plants
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Heredity and Sex Determination
    31:01
  • Class 10 Science: Evolution and Classification
    00:00
  • Chapter 12 – Electricity Lecture1
    32:14
  • Class 10 science Ch 12 Electricity and Ohm’s Law
    29:48
  • Class 10 Science: Sources of Energy part 2
    29:38
  • Class 10 Science: Sources of Energy part 3
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science: Chapter 15 – Our Environment
    33:10
  • Class 10 Science Chapter – 13 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
    37:31
  • Class 10 Science Ch 13 – Numerical problems on Electricity by Siddhartha Sir
    22:24
  • Class 10 Science Ch 13 – Resistance and Resistors
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Ch 12 Resistance in Parallel & Numerical questions Ridib 1
    37:01
  • Class 10 Science Ch 12 Power and Heating Effects of Electricity Ridib 2
    36:32
  • Class 10 Science Ch 12 – Electricity Ridib 1
    36:12
  • Class 10 Science Ch 12 Electricity – Exam, Revision Ridib 2
    29:03
  • Class 9 Science Chapter 10 – Gravitation Lecture 1 Ridib
    31:04
  • Class 9 Science Ch 10 – Acceleration due to gravity, Mass & Weight
    00:00
  • Class 9 Science Ch 10 – Gravitation Thrust & Pressure Ridib
    00:00
  • class 9 Science Ch 10 – Gravitation- Exercises and Revision by Ridib Sir
    00:00
  • class 9 Science Ch 10 – Gravitation- Exercises and Revision by Ridib Sir part 2
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Ch 7 : Control and Co-ordination – Plant Hormones Ridib
    35:19
  • Class 10 Science Ch 7 – Control and co-ordination – Hormones in animals by Ridib 2
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Ch 7 Control and Co-ordination Ridib 3
    00:00
  • Class 10 science Ch 9 – Heredity and Evolution Ridib 1
    00:00
  • Class 10 science Ch 9 – Heredity and Evolution Ridib 2
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Heredity and Evolution – Mendel’s Law of Inheritance
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Heredity and Evolution – DNA and Characters by Ridib
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution continued by Ridib
    00:00
  • Class 10 science- Heredity & Evolution – Acquired Traits and Inherited Traits by Ridib
    33:03
  • Class 10 Science – Chemical Reactions and Equations 1
    31:21
  • Class 10 Science – Chemical Reactions and Equations 2
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Chemical Reactions and Equations 3
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Chemical Reactions and Equations 4
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science – Chemical Reactions and Equations 5
    00:00
  • Class 10 Science Ch 16 – Sustainable management of Natural Resources Ridib 1
    34:21
  • Class 10 Science Ch 16 – Sustainable management of Natural Resources Ridib 2
    34:05
  • Class 10 Science Ch 16 – Sustainable management of Natural Resources Ridib 3
    33:59
  • Class 10 Science Ch 16 – Sustainable management of Natural Resources Ridib 4
    35:15
  • Class 10 Science Ch 16 – Sustainable management of Natural Resources Ridib 5
    00:00

Assamese Medium Lectures for Science

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 science chapter – acids, bases and salts
Exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Acids, Bases, and Salts": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Acids, Bases, and Salts" in Class 10 Science introduces you to the world of chemical substances that are classified as acids, bases, and salts. You'll learn about their properties, chemical reactions, and practical applications. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Acids:** - Acids are substances that have a sour taste. - They turn blue litmus paper red, indicating their acidic nature. - Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solutions. - Examples of common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). 2. **Bases:** - Bases are substances that have a bitter taste and a slippery feel. - They turn red litmus paper blue, indicating their basic nature. - Bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in aqueous solutions. - Common examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). 3. **pH Scale:** - The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14. - A pH of 7 is considered neutral, pH less than 7 indicates acidity, and pH greater than 7 indicates alkalinity. - The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning each unit change represents a tenfold change in acidity or basicity. 4. **Chemical Properties of Acids:** - Acids react with metals to produce hydrogen gas (H₂). - They react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization reactions). - They turn blue litmus paper red. 5. **Chemical Properties of Bases:** - Bases react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. - They react with acids to form salts and water (neutralization reactions). - They turn red litmus paper blue. 6. **Neutralization Reactions:** - Neutralization reactions occur when an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water. - These reactions are exothermic and are used in various applications, such as in antacids to relieve indigestion. 7. **Types of Salts:** - Salts are formed as a result of neutralization reactions. - They can be classified as normal salts, acidic salts, or basic salts. 8. **Uses of Salts:** - Salts have numerous practical applications, including in food preservation, agriculture, soap production, and the chemical industry. **Safety Precautions:** - Acids and bases can be corrosive and should be handled with care. - Safety measures, such as wearing appropriate protective gear, should be followed when working with these substances. **Common Examples:** - **Hydrochloric Acid (HCl):** Found in gastric juice in the stomach and used in the laboratory. - **Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄):** Used in car batteries and various industrial processes. - **Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH):** Known as caustic soda and used in cleaning agents and soap production. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding acids and bases is essential in various fields, including agriculture, food preservation, and the pharmaceutical industry. - pH control is crucial in swimming pools, agriculture, and wastewater treatment. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides you with a comprehensive understanding of acids, bases, and salts, including their properties, reactions, and practical applications. Be sure to practice questions and conduct experiments to reinforce your knowledge and prepare effectively for exams.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 science chapter – Metals and Non Metals
Some Exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Metals and Non-Metals": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Metals and Non-Metals" in Class 10 Science focuses on the classification, properties, and uses of metals and non-metals. It provides insights into the distinctive characteristics of these two categories of elements. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Metals:** - Metals are elements that generally have the following properties: - They are good conductors of heat and electricity. - They have a lustrous (shiny) appearance. - They are malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). - They tend to lose electrons and form positively charged ions (cations) when they undergo chemical reactions. - Examples of common metals include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), and gold (Au). 2. **Non-Metals:** - Non-metals are elements that generally have the following properties: - They are poor conductors of heat and electricity. - They often have a non-lustrous appearance (dull). - They are usually brittle. - They tend to gain electrons and form negatively charged ions (anions) when they undergo chemical reactions. - Examples of common non-metals include carbon (C), sulfur (S), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). 3. **Occurrence of Metals:** - Metals can be found in various forms, such as ores and minerals. - The extraction of metals from ores involves processes like reduction and electrolysis. 4. **Reactivity Series:** - The reactivity series is a list that ranks metals in order of their reactivity. - Highly reactive metals like sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are at the top, while less reactive metals like gold (Au) and silver (Ag) are at the bottom. 5. **Properties of Ionic Compounds:** - Ionic compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals. - They are held together by electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. - Ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature and have high melting and boiling points. 6. **Uses of Metals and Non-Metals:** - Metals have a wide range of applications, including in construction, transportation, and electronics. - Non-metals are used in various forms such as gases (oxygen, nitrogen), solids (sulfur), and liquids (bromine). They are essential in various industries and daily life. 7. **Corrosion:** - Corrosion is the gradual destruction of metals due to their reaction with substances in the environment, usually oxygen and moisture. - Methods to prevent corrosion include painting, galvanization, and the use of alloys. **Common Examples:** - **Metals:** Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), Zinc (Zn), Gold (Au). - **Non-Metals:** Carbon (C), Sulfur (S), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Hydrogen (H). **Practical Applications:** - Knowledge of the properties and reactivity of metals and non-metals is crucial in fields like metallurgy, construction, and the chemical industry. - Understanding corrosion and its prevention is essential for maintaining the longevity of metal structures and products. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of metals and non-metals, including their properties, reactivity, and practical applications. A strong understanding of these concepts will not only help you excel in exams but also enhance your knowledge of the materials that make up the world around us.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Reflection and Refraction
Some detailed exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Reflection and Refraction": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Reflection and Refraction" in Class 10 Science deals with the behavior of light when it interacts with different surfaces. It covers topics such as reflection, refraction, spherical mirrors, and lenses. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Reflection:** - Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a surface. - The laws of reflection state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal (a line perpendicular to the surface) all lie in the same plane, and the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. 2. **Plane Mirrors:** - Plane mirrors produce virtual, erect, and laterally inverted images. - The image formed in a plane mirror is located as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. 3. **Spherical Mirrors:** - Spherical mirrors are categorized into concave and convex mirrors. - Concave mirrors converge light rays and can form both real and virtual images. - Convex mirrors diverge light rays and always produce virtual, diminished images. 4. **Image Formation in Spherical Mirrors:** - The mirror equation relates the focal length (f), object distance (u), and image distance (v) for spherical mirrors: $$frac{1}{f} = frac{1}{v} + frac{1}{u}$$ - The sign conventions for distances and focal lengths are crucial in determining the nature and position of images. 5. **Refraction:** - Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in its speed. - The extent of refraction depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive indices of the two media. 6. **Lenses:** - Lenses are classified into convex and concave lenses. - Convex lenses converge light and can form real and virtual images. - Concave lenses diverge light and always produce virtual, diminished images. 7. **Image Formation in Lenses:** - The lens formula relates the focal length (f), object distance (u), and image distance (v) for lenses: $$frac{1}{f} = frac{1}{v} - frac{1}{u}$$ - Similar to mirrors, the sign conventions for distances and focal lengths apply to lenses. 8. **Dispersion of Light:** - Dispersion occurs when white light is separated into its constituent colors by a prism. - The colors of the spectrum, in order, are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (ROYGBIV). 9. **Atmospheric Refraction:** - Atmospheric refraction is responsible for phenomena like the bending of starlight and the formation of mirages. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding reflection and refraction is essential in the design of optical devices such as mirrors, lenses, and telescopes. - These principles are applied in the field of optics, photography, and eyeglasses manufacturing. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of how light behaves when it interacts with different surfaces, including mirrors and lenses. Mastery of the concepts, sign conventions, and image formation rules is crucial for performing well in exams and developing a foundation in optics.

Exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter – “The Human Eye and the Colorful World”:
Some detailed exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "The Human Eye and the Colorful World": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "The Human Eye and the Colorful World" in Class 10 Science explores the fascinating world of optics, specifically focusing on the structure and functioning of the human eye, the phenomenon of vision, and the formation of colors. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Human Eye:** - The human eye is a complex optical instrument responsible for vision. - It consists of various components, including the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and retina. 2. **Image Formation in the Eye:** - The cornea and lens of the eye work together to focus light onto the retina, forming an inverted and real image. - The retina contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones, which play a crucial role in vision. 3. **Accommodation:** - Accommodation is the ability of the eye to adjust its focal length to focus on objects at different distances. - It is achieved by the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles, which change the shape of the lens. 4. **Defects of Vision:** - Common vision defects include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and presbyopia (age-related farsightedness). - These defects can be corrected using eyeglasses or contact lenses. 5. **Refraction of Light Through a Prism:** - A prism can disperse white light into its constituent colors through the process of dispersion. - The colors of the spectrum, in order, are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (ROYGBIV). 6. **Dispersion of White Light:** - Dispersion occurs when white light is separated into its constituent colors. - The colors are spread out due to differences in their refractive indices, with shorter wavelengths (blue and violet) being refracted more than longer wavelengths (red). 7. **Formation of Rainbow:** - A rainbow is a natural optical phenomenon produced by the dispersion, refraction, and reflection of sunlight inside water droplets in the atmosphere. - It appears as a circular arc with seven colors. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding the structure and functioning of the human eye is essential for optometry and eye care. - Knowledge of dispersion and color formation is applied in fields such as meteorology and photography. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides valuable insights into the remarkable human eye, the formation of colors, and the phenomena of dispersion and refraction. A strong grasp of these concepts will not only help you perform well in exams but also deepen your understanding of the science behind vision and the colorful world around us.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Carbon and its Compounds
Some detailed exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Carbon and its Compounds": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Carbon and its Compounds" in Class 10 Science introduces you to the fascinating world of carbon chemistry. It covers the unique properties of carbon, the bonding in carbon compounds, and the vast variety of organic compounds. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Carbon:** - Carbon is known as the "element of life" because it forms the basis of organic compounds found in all living organisms. - Carbon exhibits the property of catenation, meaning it can form long chains and branched structures by bonding with other carbon atoms. 2. **Covalent Bonding in Carbon Compounds:** - Carbon forms covalent bonds with other non-metallic elements, sharing electrons to achieve stability. - Carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds are common in organic compounds. 3. **Functional Groups:** - Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms in organic compounds that determine their chemical properties and reactivity. - Examples include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. 4. **Hydrocarbons:** - Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. - They are classified into three categories: alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds). 5. **Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds:** - Saturated compounds have only single carbon-carbon bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms. - Unsaturated compounds contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are not saturated with hydrogen atoms. 6. **Isomerism:** - Isomerism is the phenomenon in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements and properties. - Chain isomerism, functional group isomerism, and ring-chain isomerism are common types. 7. **Homologous Series:** - A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and a gradual increase in molecular size and complexity. - Members of a homologous series share similar chemical properties. 8. **Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:** - The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system is used to name organic compounds systematically based on their structure. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding carbon compounds is essential in fields like organic chemistry, biochemistry, and the pharmaceutical industry. - It plays a crucial role in the development of synthetic materials, including plastics and polymers. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the world of carbon chemistry, emphasizing the unique properties of carbon, the diversity of organic compounds, and the importance of systematic nomenclature. A strong foundation in these concepts is vital for further studies in chemistry and related fields.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Control and Co-ordination in plants
Some exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Control and Coordination in Plants": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Control and Coordination in Plants" in Class 10 Science discusses how plants perceive and respond to various external and internal stimuli, demonstrating their ability to coordinate growth and movements. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Tropic Movements:** - Tropic movements are directional movements in response to external stimuli such as light, gravity, and touch. - Phototropism is the growth response of plants to light, where they grow toward a light source. - Geotropism (gravitropism) is the response to gravity, where roots grow downward (positive geotropism) and shoots grow upward (negative geotropism). 2. **Nastic Movements:** - Nastic movements are non-directional, reversible movements in response to stimuli like touch or temperature. - Examples include thigmonasty (response to touch) and nyctinasty (circadian rhythm-based movements, like the closing of flowers at night). 3. **Plant Hormones:** - Plant hormones (phytohormones) are chemical messengers that regulate plant growth and responses to stimuli. - Common plant hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. - Auxins, for example, play a crucial role in phototropism and geotropism. 4. **Plant Growth and Development:** - Growth in plants occurs mainly at specific regions known as meristems. - Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and are responsible for primary growth. - Lateral meristems, like cambium, promote secondary growth, leading to an increase in girth. 5. **Nervous System in Plants:** - Plants lack a centralized nervous system like animals but exhibit responses to environmental stimuli. - Signal transmission in plants occurs through electrical and chemical signals. 6. **Chemical Coordination in Plants:** - Plant hormones coordinate various growth and developmental processes. - For example, gibberellins promote stem elongation, while abscisic acid is involved in dormancy and stress responses. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding how plants respond to stimuli and coordinate their growth is essential in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. - Plant hormones are used in agriculture for purposes such as fruit ripening and controlling plant growth. **Conclusion:** This chapter sheds light on the remarkable ability of plants to perceive and respond to their environment. It explores tropic and nastic movements, the role of plant hormones, and the mechanisms behind coordination and control in the plant kingdom. A thorough grasp of these concepts is essential for a comprehensive understanding of plant biology.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Reproduction
Some exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Reproduction": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Reproduction" in Class 10 Science explores the various aspects of reproduction in living organisms. It covers both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction and highlights the significance of reproduction in maintaining the continuity of life. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Reproduction:** - Reproduction is the biological process by which new individuals of the same species are produced. - It ensures the continuation of the species and passes genetic information to the next generation. 2. **Types of Reproduction:** - **Asexual Reproduction:** Involves the production of offspring from a single parent, and offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Methods include binary fission, budding, and spore formation. - **Sexual Reproduction:** Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg), leading to genetic variation in offspring. 3. **Sexual Reproduction in Humans:** - In humans, sexual reproduction involves the male reproductive system (testes, sperm) and the female reproductive system (ovaries, eggs). - Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates an egg, forming a zygote. - The zygote undergoes development to form an embryo, which eventually leads to the birth of a new individual. 4. **Puberty and Adolescence:** - Adolescence is a period of rapid physical and emotional changes, culminating in sexual maturity. - It is marked by the onset of puberty, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics. 5. **Reproductive Health:** - Reproductive health includes the physical, mental, and social well-being related to the reproductive system. - Proper education and healthcare are essential for ensuring reproductive health. 6. **Methods of Contraception:** - Contraception methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancies. - Various methods include barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (birth control pills), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and surgical methods (vasectomy and tubectomy). 7. **Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):** - STIs are infections that spread through sexual contact. - Common STIs include HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes. - Safe sexual practices and awareness are crucial for preventing STIs. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding reproduction is essential for family planning and ensuring healthy pregnancies. - Knowledge of reproductive health and contraception methods helps individuals make informed choices. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides insights into the various modes of reproduction, with a focus on human reproduction. It emphasizes the importance of reproductive health, responsible sexual behavior, and awareness of sexually transmitted infections. A solid understanding of these concepts is important for both personal well-being and informed decision-making.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Heredity and Evolution
Some exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Heredity and Evolution": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Heredity and Evolution" in Class 10 Science delves into the concepts of inheritance and evolution, exploring how traits are passed from one generation to another and how species change over time. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Heredity:** - Heredity is the process by which traits (characteristics) are passed from parents to offspring through genetic material. - Genes are units of inheritance located on chromosomes. 2. **Variations:** - Variations are differences in traits among individuals of the same species. - Variations are crucial for evolution as they provide the raw material for natural selection to act upon. 3. **Mendel's Experiments:** - Gregor Mendel, the "Father of Genetics," conducted experiments with pea plants and established the principles of inheritance. - Mendel's laws include the law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment. 4. **Sexual Reproduction and Inheritance:** - Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg), leading to genetic variation in offspring. - In humans, the male gamete (sperm) carries 23 chromosomes, and the female gamete (egg) also carries 23 chromosomes. 5. **Evolution:** - Evolution is the process by which species change over time. - Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, where favorable variations are selected and passed on to the next generation. 6. **Speciation:** - Speciation is the formation of new species from existing ones. - It occurs due to isolation and genetic changes over time. 7. **Human Evolution:** - Human evolution involves the gradual development of modern humans (Homo sapiens) from earlier hominids. - Fossil evidence and genetic studies support the theory of human evolution. 8. **Evidences of Evolution:** - Evidences include fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryological evidence, and molecular evidence (DNA sequencing). 9. **Artificial Selection:** - Artificial selection is the selective breeding of plants and animals by humans to develop desirable traits. - It has led to the domestication of various species. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding heredity is crucial in fields like agriculture, animal breeding, and medical genetics. - Knowledge of evolution is fundamental to biology and has applications in ecology, conservation, and medicine. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of heredity and evolution, highlighting the principles of inheritance, genetic variations, and the mechanisms of evolution. It underscores the role of genetic diversity and adaptation in the evolution of species, including the human species. A strong grasp of these concepts is essential for a deeper understanding of biology and genetics.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Magnetic effects of current
Some exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Magnetic Effects of Electric Current": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Magnetic Effects of Electric Current" in Class 10 Science explores the fascinating relationship between electricity and magnetism. It covers topics such as magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, and the applications of these phenomena in everyday life. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Magnetic Field:** - A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where its influence is felt. - Magnetic field lines represent the direction of the magnetic field. They are from north to south outside the magnet and from south to north inside the magnet. 2. **Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor:** - A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it. - The direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the right-hand thumb rule. The thumb points in the direction of the current, and the fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field. 3. **Magnetic Field Due to a Current Through a Straight Conductor:** - The magnetic field lines around a straight current-carrying conductor form concentric circles. - The strength of the magnetic field is stronger near the conductor and weaker as you move away from it. 4. **Magnetic Field Due to a Current Through a Solenoid:** - A solenoid is a coil of wire, and when a current flows through it, it behaves like a magnet. - The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform, and it has a north and south pole. 5. **Fleming's Left-Hand Rule:** - Fleming's left-hand rule helps determine the direction of motion of a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. - It relates the direction of the magnetic field (forefinger), the direction of the current (middle finger), and the direction of motion (thumb). 6. **Electromagnetic Induction:** - Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating an electromotive force (emf) or voltage in a coil due to changes in magnetic flux. - Michael Faraday's experiments showed that a change in magnetic flux through a coil induces an emf. 7. **Electric Generator:** - An electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. - It typically consists of a coil rotating in a magnetic field, which induces an emf in the coil. 8. **Electric Motor:** - An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. - It operates based on the principle of the magnetic effect of current, with a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding the magnetic effects of electric current is crucial for the design and operation of electrical devices, including generators, motors, transformers, and electromagnetic devices. - These principles are fundamental to electrical power generation and distribution systems. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of the magnetic effects of electric current, from the basics of magnetic fields around conductors to the applications of electromagnetic induction in generators and motors. It emphasizes the interplay between electricity and magnetism, which is essential in modern technology and electrical engineering.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Management of natural resources
Some exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Management of Natural Resources": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Management of Natural Resources" in Class 10 Science addresses the importance of conserving and effectively managing our planet's natural resources, including soil, water, forests, wildlife, and energy sources. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Natural Resources:** - Natural resources are materials and substances found in the environment that are essential for the survival and well-being of living organisms. - They can be categorized into two types: renewable (e.g., forests, wildlife, and solar energy) and non-renewable (e.g., fossil fuels and minerals). 2. **Conservation of Resources:** - Conservation refers to the sustainable and responsible use of natural resources to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. - It involves reducing wastage, using resources efficiently, and adopting sustainable practices. 3. **Management of Soil Resources:** - Soil is a vital resource for agriculture and supports plant growth. - Soil erosion, depletion of soil fertility, and soil conservation methods (such as contour farming and crop rotation) are discussed. 4. **Management of Water Resources:** - Water is essential for all life forms, and its management includes conserving freshwater sources, preventing water pollution, and sustainable use of water. - Rainwater harvesting and watershed management are important strategies. 5. **Management of Forest and Wildlife Resources:** - Forests provide a variety of resources, including timber, fuelwood, and habitat for wildlife. - Conservation efforts include protecting forests through national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, implementing afforestation and reforestation programs, and regulating hunting and poaching. 6. **Management of Energy Resources:** - Energy resources, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, and hydroelectric), are discussed. - The need for transitioning to renewable and cleaner energy sources is emphasized. 7. **Reduction of Pollution:** - Pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution, poses a significant threat to natural resources. - Sustainable waste management and pollution control measures are essential. **Practical Applications:** - Effective management of natural resources is crucial for sustainable development and ensuring a healthy environment for future generations. - Conservation practices and responsible resource use are essential for mitigating environmental challenges like climate change and biodiversity loss. **Conclusion:** This chapter highlights the importance of responsible resource management to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. It underscores the need for conserving natural resources, reducing pollution, and transitioning to cleaner energy sources to ensure a healthy planet for future generations.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on gravitation
Some detailed exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Gravitation": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Gravitation" in Class 10 Science introduces the fundamental concept of gravity, the force of attraction that exists between objects with mass. It covers the laws of gravitation, the acceleration due to gravity, and its implications on Earth and beyond. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Gravitational Force:** - Gravitational force is the attractive force that exists between any two objects with mass. - It is the force responsible for the weight of an object and the motion of planets in the solar system. 2. **Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:** - Sir Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation, which states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. - The formula for gravitational force (F) is given by F = (G * m1 * m2) / r^2, where G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between them. 3. **Weight:** - Weight is the force with which an object is pulled towards the center of the Earth (or any other celestial body) due to gravity. - Weight is given by the formula W = m * g, where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 4. **Acceleration Due to Gravity:** - The acceleration due to gravity (g) on the surface of the Earth is approximately 9.8 m/s^2. - It is the same for all objects regardless of their mass. 5. **Free Fall:** - Free fall is the motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone, with no other forces acting on it. - In free fall, objects accelerate at a rate of 9.8 m/s^2 on Earth. 6. **Orbits of Planets:** - The gravitational force between the Sun and the planets in the solar system keeps the planets in their elliptical orbits. - Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the paths of planets around the Sun. 7. **Escape Velocity:** - Escape velocity is the minimum velocity an object must achieve to escape the gravitational pull of a celestial body (e.g., Earth). - It depends on the mass and radius of the body and is given by the formula v = √(2 * g * R), where v is the escape velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and R is the radius of the body. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding gravitation is crucial for space exploration, satellite communication, and predicting the motion of celestial bodies. - Knowledge of escape velocity is essential for launching spacecraft into orbit and beyond. **Conclusion:** This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of gravitation, including the laws governing it, its effects on Earth and celestial bodies, and its practical applications. Gravitation is a fundamental force that plays a crucial role in the motion of objects in the universe, from falling apples to the orbits of planets and spacecraft.

Exam notes on NCERT class 10 chapter on Chemical Reactions and Equations
Some exam notes on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Chemical Reactions and Equations": **Chapter Overview:** The chapter "Chemical Reactions and Equations" in Class 10 Science introduces the concept of chemical reactions and the representation of these reactions using chemical equations. It explores the different types of chemical reactions and the balancing of chemical equations. **Key Concepts:** 1. **Chemical Reactions:** - A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances (reactants) are transformed into new substances (products) with different properties. - Chemical reactions are accompanied by the rearrangement of atoms and the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. 2. **Chemical Equations:** - A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. - It consists of reactants on the left side of the arrow, and products on the right side of the arrow. For example: `2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O`. 3. **Balancing Chemical Equations:** - Balancing chemical equations is the process of ensuring that the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation is the same. - The law of conservation of mass states that mass is conserved in a chemical reaction, so the total number of atoms of each element must be equal on both sides. 4. **Types of Chemical Reactions:** - **Combination Reactions:** Involves the formation of a single product from two or more reactants. - **Decomposition Reactions:** Occurs when a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. - **Displacement Reactions:** Involve the exchange of atoms or ions between reactants. - **Double Displacement Reactions:** Involve the exchange of ions between two compounds, leading to the formation of two new compounds. 5. **Redox Reactions:** - Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. - The substance that loses electrons undergoes oxidation, while the substance that gains electrons undergoes reduction. 6. **Oxidation and Reduction:** - Oxidation is the process of gaining oxygen, losing hydrogen, or losing electrons. - Reduction is the process of losing oxygen, gaining hydrogen, or gaining electrons. 7. **Corrosion:** - Corrosion is a redox process in which metals react with substances in the environment to form undesirable compounds. - Common examples include the rusting of iron and the tarnishing of silver. **Practical Applications:** - Understanding chemical reactions and equations is essential for various fields, including chemistry, industry, and environmental science. - Balancing chemical equations is critical for accurately determining the stoichiometry of reactions. **Conclusion:** This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of chemical reactions, chemical equations, and types of reactions. It emphasizes the importance of balancing equations to maintain the law of conservation of mass. A strong foundation in these concepts is essential for a deeper understanding of chemistry and its applications.

Sample MCQs with answers on NCERT class 10 chapter on Acids, Bases and Salts
Here are some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Acids, Bases and Salts": **1. Which of the following substances is likely to be an acid?** a. Vinegar b. Milk c. Baking Soda d. Distilled Water **Answer:** a. Vinegar **2. What is the color of litmus paper turning when dipped in an acid?** a. Red b. Blue c. Green d. Yellow **Answer:** a. Red **3. Which of the following is a strong base?** a. Lemon Juice b. Ammonia Solution c. Vinegar d. Orange Juice **Answer:** b. Ammonia Solution **4. When an acid reacts with a metal, which gas is evolved?** a. Oxygen b. Carbon Dioxide c. Hydrogen d. Nitrogen **Answer:** c. Hydrogen **5. Which acid is present in lemon juice?** a. Hydrochloric Acid b. Sulfuric Acid c. Citric Acid d. Acetic Acid **Answer:** c. Citric Acid **6. What happens to the pH scale value as the acidity of a solution increases?** a. It increases. b. It decreases. c. It remains the same. d. It becomes negative. **Answer:** b. It decreases. **7. Which of the following is a natural indicator?** a. Litmus b. Phenolphthalein c. Methyl Orange d. Bromothymol Blue **Answer:** a. Litmus **8. When an antacid tablet is added to water, the resulting solution is likely to be:** a. Acidic b. Neutral c. Basic d. Salty **Answer:** c. Basic **9. Which gas is produced when baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) reacts with an acid?** a. Oxygen b. Carbon Dioxide c. Hydrogen d. Chlorine **Answer:** b. Carbon Dioxide **10. What is the pH value of a neutral solution?** a. 0 b. 7 c. 14 d. -7 **Answer:** b. 7 These MCQs cover various concepts related to acids, bases, and salts, including their properties, reactions, and indicators.

Sample MCQs with answers on NCERT class 10 chapter on Metals and Non- Metals
Some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers on NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter - "Metals and Non-Metals": **1. Which of the following is a characteristic of metals?** a. They are generally poor conductors of heat. b. They are usually brittle. c. They have a tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. d. They are mostly gases at room temperature. **Answer:** c. They have a tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. **2. What is the common characteristic of non-metals?** a. They are good conductors of electricity. b. They are usually hard and shiny. c. They have a tendency to gain electrons and form negative ions. d. They are malleable and ductile. **Answer:** c. They have a tendency to gain electrons and form negative ions. **3. Which of the following is a metalloid?** a. Sodium (Na) b. Carbon (C) c. Boron (B) d. Oxygen (O) **Answer:** c. Boron (B) **4. Which gas is evolved when metals react with acids?** a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Hydrogen d. Carbon dioxide **Answer:** c. Hydrogen **5. Which metal is known for its high reactivity with water and air, and is stored under kerosene oil?** a. Gold (Au) b. Silver (Ag) c. Sodium (Na) d. Iron (Fe) **Answer:** c. Sodium (Na) **6. Which non-metal is essential for the combustion of fuels?** a. Oxygen (O) b. Chlorine (Cl) c. Nitrogen (N) d. Carbon (C) **Answer:** a. Oxygen (O) **7. Which metal is used for making electrical wires due to its high electrical conductivity?** a. Copper (Cu) b. Zinc (Zn) c. Aluminum (Al) d. Lead (Pb) **Answer:** a. Copper (Cu) **8. Which non-metal is a major component of the Earth's atmosphere?** a. Chlorine (Cl) b. Hydrogen (H) c. Nitrogen (N) d. Oxygen (O) **Answer:** c. Nitrogen (N) **9. Which metal is used for making aircraft and spacecraft due to its low density and high strength?** a. Iron (Fe) b. Aluminum (Al) c. Lead (Pb) d. Mercury (Hg) **Answer:** b. Aluminum (Al) **10. Which non-metal is used for making matchsticks?** a. Phosphorus (P) b. Sulfur (S) c. Chlorine (Cl) d. Fluorine (F) **Answer:** a. Phosphorus (P) These MCQs cover various concepts related to metals and non-metals, including their properties, reactivity, and uses.

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES notes
https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:eu:10356949-cdfd-491a-a21b-585dee5ef0dd

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